Factors that affect enzyme activity

Since the dynamic site for all particles of one catalyst will be comprised of a similar course of action of amino acids, It has a profoundly explicit shape. For the most part, there is just a single dynamic site on every protein particle and just one sort of substrate atom will fit into it. This explicitness prompts the lock and key speculation, Source 1: http:/twwa. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/blology/organic particles and-chemicals/reexamine it/catalysts Source 2: http://cllck4blology. lnfo/c4b?/chem3. 6. htm#one a) Large globular protein compound b) Active Site where the substrate joins to the chemical ) Substrate which fits the dynamic site d) Activated complex.The substrate is debilitated to permit the response. e) Unchanged compound/re-utilized at low focus f) Product of the response In my examination, I will utilize the chemical catalase, which is found in most living life forms. It catalyzes the disintegration of hydrogen peroxide Into water and oxygen. 2H202 + catalase > 2820 + 02 Catalase significantly lessens the initiation vitality required for the response. Without catalase the deterioration would take any longer, and would not be sufficiently quick to continue human life.Hydrogen peroxide is additionally a perilous, powerful result of digestion, so it is basic that it is separated rapidly, else it would make harm cells. The action of a catalyst is influenced by its ecological conditions. Changing these will modify the pace of response brought about by the chemical. In nature, life forms modify the states of their proteins to create an ideal pace of response, where essential, or they may have compounds which are adjusted to work well In outrageous conditions where they live.Enzyme Concentration: at low catalyst fixation there is incredible rivalry for he dynamic destinations and the pace of response is low. As the compound focus expands, there are increasingly dynamic destinations and the response can continue at a quicker rate, for additional cataly sts will crash into substrate particles. In the end, expanding tne catalyst concentratlon Deyona a certain polnt nas no erect Decause tne suDstrate fixation turns into the constraining factor.Inquiring upon this factor, it is clear to envision expanding chemical focus will likewise build pace of response dependent on relevant information and subsequent to throwing a specific measure of protein oncentration, it will never again be the restricting variable. In the event that I investigate this factor, I would see my information to take after the diagram underneath, as it represents how expanding protein focus builds pace of reaction(shown through line moving) until it turns into the constraining component and the pace of response doesn't increase(shown through line not climbing).Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors-influencing Enzyme-Activity/146 Substrate Concentration: like the protein focus, at low centralizations of substrate there is a low pace of response. This is on the gr ounds that there are barely any substrate particles to respond with dynamic destinations and consequently restricting the quantity of responses occurring. From now on, expanding the substrate focus will build the pace of response. This is on the grounds that more substrate atoms will slam into chemical particles, so more item will be formed.However, after a specific focus, any expansion will have no impact on the pace of response, since Substrate Concentration will never again be the restricting element. The catalysts will successfully get immersed, and will be working at their most extreme conceivable rate. If I somehow managed to research this factor, I would anticipate the pace of response will increment as substrate focus increments, until a specific fixation is included when the substrate particles are in abundance bringing about chemical saturation.The diagram (beneath) shows my forecast. Source 3 :http://alevelnotes. com/Factors-influencing Enzyme-Activity/146 catalyst and su bstrate Simple picture depicting proposed picture for focus (talked about in agreeing factors). Referenced as â€Å"picture of proposed examination underneath' Temperature: All proteins ave ideal temperatures, the temperature at which a chemical creates the most noteworthy response rate for a particular response. Most of chemicals in the human body works best at 37 Celsius degrees.This is on the grounds that 37 degrees Celsius is the bodys inside temperature and catalysts, for example, catalase, have been adjusted to work best at that specific temperature. Beneath the ideal temperature, substrates have minimal motor vitality and less enter the dynamic site to be catalyzed. Be that as it may, as temperature increments towards the ideal, the substrates and catalysts acquire inetic vitality and impact all the more regularly prompting a synthetic response. At the point when the temperature goes over the ideal, the securities holding proteins together likewise increase dynamic vitality, speeding up at which they vibrate.This prompts the securities breaking inside the compound, making it change shape. This adjustment fit as a fiddle implies that the dynamic site is less reciprocal to the state of the substrate, with the goal that it is less inclined to catalyze the response. In the end, the chemical will Decome denatured ana will no longer Tunctlon. I nen as temperature Increases more nzymes' particles' dynamic destinations will turn out to be less correlative for the substrate atoms and afterward more chemicals will be denatured.This will diminish the pace of response. On the off chance that I analyzed this factor, I would foresee that the pace of response will top at 37 degrees Celsius, as that is the ideal temperature of catalase. Additionally, as expressed in the last passage, expanding or diminishing the temperature from its ideal will bring down the pace of response. Thusly, I ought to expect the information I gathered to be comparative of the diagram underne ath. Source 4: http://www. rsc. rg/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/catalysts. tm PH: pH quantifies the sharpness and basicity ofa arrangement. It is a proportion of the hydrogen particle (H+) focus, and hence a decent marker of the hydroxide particle (OH-) fixation. It ranges from PHI to pH14. Lower pH esteems mean higher H + focuses and lower OH-fixations. Not at all like the equivalent ideal temperature for all chemicals that abide in the human body (370c); the ideal pH differs for the catalysts. For instance, the compound pepsin has an ideal pH of 2. 0 though catalase has an ideal of 7. 6.Enzymes in various areas have distinctive Optimum pH esteems since their ecological conditions might be unique. In this occasion, pepsin works most capability at pH 2 since it is ordinarily found in the stomach, where pH is low because of the nearness of hydrochloric corrosive. Proteins work in little scopes of pH esteems, so any change above or underneath the ideal will cause an abrupt lesseni ng in pace of response, since a greater amount of the chemical particles will have dynamic destinations whose shapes are not (or if nothing else are less) correlative to the state of their substrate.Small changes beneath or over the ideal, doesn't make a lasting change the compounds since the securities can be transformed. Be that as it may, outrageous changes in pH can make chemicals denature and for all time free their capacity. At the point when the pH is transformed from the ideal of the specific catalyst, the H+ and OH-meddle with hydrogen and ionic bonds that hold together a compound, since they will be pulled in or repulsed by the charges made by the bonds. This impedance causes an adjustment looking like the protein and above all, the dynamic site.

Feasibility Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Possibility Report - Essay Example This pattern is upheld by the expanding request of the tablets from the developing markets far and wide. In the examination, numerous individuals uncovered their inclination to tablets to be founded on its easy to understand nature, tastefulness and comfort. As indicated by Richard Shim, an investigator and an individual from the group who directed the examination, customers constantly move towards portable processing against the conventional journal, a pattern that has gotten well in develop advertises the world over. For instance, tablet PCs are required to develop by yearly normal of 28% in the following 5 years inside the develop markets of United States, Japan, and West Europe. The test for HP is to guarantee it make tablets that are smooth and in vogue, which will reverberate with the undeniably popular customer. In a market where web business monsters, for example, Google and Microsoft have surprised through their leader tablets in the market, it is legitimate to take note of that any disappointment by the HP to grasp the tablet market will bargain a major hit to its piece of the overall industry. The system is to guarantee the organization keeps up or improve its 16% piece of the overall industry around the worldwide utilization of PC use. Issue articulation: While numerous tablet makers have concentrated their tablet piece of the pie inside the set up or rather develop markets, HP has not included itself in the assembling of tablets regardless of the developing pattern in the tablet PC utilization around the globe. Organizations, for example, Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, and Google have merged their piece of the overall industry in the tablet PC fabricating, leaving HP despite everything battling with its note pad PCs. A point to note, notwithstanding, is that a large number of these organizations just center their items towards develop markets. This pattern leaves the hole in the developing markets, which are required to develop in equivalent measure in the anticipated year. HP can bring a jump into the developing markets, which appear to be finding the built up business sectors in the tablet PC utilization consistently. In any case, this ought not imply that HP needs to overlook the develop markets, which sets patterns for the developing markets. The organization, be that as it may, can create modest yet tasteful tablets to coordinate the purchasing patterns in developing markets. A legitimate report, be that as it may, will be expected to guarantee an estimating rules, plan and utilization pattern is built up. The objective of this investigation is to set up the utilization pattern, both in the develop just as developing markets. Technique: The exploration will generally be a web based, and calls. This investigation will include web look on what clients of contenders state on online discussions, plan online polls, just as criticism structures for HP journal clients. This technique will guarantee that data about the set up and de veloping markets are characterized, the customers’ practices, and the future business possibilities of the two markets. This examination will incorporate getting of items data, investigation of the current brands, profiling of the clients brain research, and geological data. Archive Specification: Project depiction Windows 8 application has been utilized by various firms in improving both their portable and tablet applications. This has been the situation through blend with different applications to suite needs of the organization. For example, PageSuite is one of the organizations that have incorporated Windows 8 with different applications to suite

Constrained Writing 6 Fun Pieces from the Oulipo and Beyond

Constrained Writing 6 Fun Pieces from the Oulipo and Beyond Writing isnt all fun and games. Except, of course, when it is. Constrained writing, or writing that involves self-imposed limits, can take many forms. Poetry often works within expected constraints, like rhyme schemes. But you can constrain prose, too. Or limit poetry in new, unexpected ways. Members of the Oulipo, an experimental French group active since 1960, have famously used constrained writing in their work. Oulipo stands for  Ouvroir de littérature potentielle, or workshop of potential literature. Oulipian writers have generally focused on using limitations to foster new creative possibilities. Of course, constrained writing doesnt begin and end with the Oulipo. And you dont have to be an official member of the group to use Oulipian techniques. Here are some impressive examples of constrained writing from both inside and outside the Oulipo circle. One Hundred Twenty-One Days by Michèle Audin (Translated by Christiana Hills) Michèle Audin is a French writer and mathematician, making her a natural candidate for the Oulipo, of which shes been a member since 2009. One Hundred Twenty-One Days, her first novel, is available from Deep Vellum Publishing in English translation. This book follows the experiences of some mathematicians doing work throughout World War I and II. Each chapter falls into a specific style, such as that of a fairytale, a diary, or an interview. Each chapter also begins with the words on which the previous chapter ended. This all makes for an especially absorbing and unique read. Not One Day by Anne Garréta (Translated by Emma Ramadan) Heres another offering from Deep Vellum. Not One Day  involves a constraint of organization. In this genre-defying adventure, Garréta resolves to write about an instance where she desired a woman, or a woman desired her, every day for a month. Without giving too much away, lets just say that this doesnt turn out to be the compilation of conquests you might expect. Rather than simply fulfilling the constraint, Not One Day produces something unexpected and invigorating. Sleeping with the Dictionary by Harryette Mullen Harryette Mullen isnt a member of the Oulipo, but has made deliberate use of  some Oulipian techniques. Poetry may typically already have certain constraints, but that hasnt stopped Mullen from creating new ones. In  Sleeping with the Dictionary, she orders all poems alphabetically, and makes use of additional artistic feats of organizationâ€"alphabetical and otherwise. For example, the poem Any Lit constructs a skyscraper of near-identical sentences built on the formula You are a [word beginning with u sound] beyond my [word beginning with my sound]. The White Book by Han Kang (Translated by Deborah Smith) Han Kang, author of the acclaimed novel The Vegetarian, has also produced this work based on the theme of the color white. The White Book begins with a list of associations with the color. It then circles white imagery for the rest of the text, which itself revolves around the protagonists thoughts about her sister who died shortly after birth. The White Book  wavers between reading like a novel, essay, and poetry collection. While the constraint here may be looser than with other works on this list, its definitely worked to produce new possibilities. Winter Journeys by Georges Pérec and the Oulipo (Translated by Harry Mathews, Ian Monk, and John Sturrock) The late Georges Pérec arguably remains the most prominent member of the Oulipo, with one of his most notable works being  La Disparition, translated into English as A Void. This novel, an example of a lipogram, famously never used the letter E. (The constraint was kept in the translation.)  Winter Journeys, which publisher Atlas Press categorizes as an anti-classic, is definitive for a different reason. It collects 20 texts from Oulipo members riffing off Le Voyage dhiver (The Winter Journey), a short story of Pérecs. Pérecs original story is an amusing few pages about a man who discovers a curious book in a friends library one night. This book reveals some of the great minds of French literature to be plagiarists. The other Oulipo members spun sequels to Pérecs story over a number of years. In the process, they created tales of elaborate literary conspiracies, alternative histories, and rewritten mythologies. You can glimpse the Oulipian fun and games in the titles themselves: Le Voyage dhiver is followed by Le Voyage dhier (Yesterdays Journey), which in turn is followed by Le Voyage dHitler (Hitlers Journey). In French, these titles rhyme with one another and sound very similar; the resulting stories blossom out of these bits of wordplay. This is a fantastic book to add to your coffee table collection.  Or to place unassumingly on a nightstand, where your guests can discover it for themselves on a cold winters night. Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den by Yuen Ren Chao This isnt exactly a masterpiece to savor, but its an extremely playful (and plain extreme) example of constrained writing. Yuen Ren Chao, a famous linguist, wrote this piece using Chinese syllables distinguishable from one another in speech only by their tones. The result is a comprehensible poem that consists entirely of the general sound shi. Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den is about a poet named Shi, who lives in a stone room and has an appetite for lions. He shoots ten lions and brings them back to his stone room to eat them, but then realizes that the lions are also stone. While this is extremely silly, its not without literary merit. After all, its clear even if youre reading a translation that the poet is trapped in a prison of language. The works above only represent a few steps into the world of constrained writing and Oulipian wonders. For a closer look at the legacy of the Oulipo and how it could inform modern literature, check out The End of Oulipo? by Lauren Elkin and Veronica Esposito. Maybe youll be inspired to try your own writing experiments. Have fun!

The Media s Influence On Politics Essay - 2357 Words

â€Å"Social media s influence in this presidential election is stronger than it has ever been† (Lang par.4). It is undeniable that this 2016 election has been greatly impacted by the media. Whether it be social media or the more traditional forms of media, the impact is colossal. Many would say that this is great, because politics are evolving and appealing to younger and younger people. A tremendous amount of people believe that the surprising and quite impressive success of Donald Trump and his whole campaign was credited to his clever way of using the free resources, like Twitter, that were at his disposal. I firmly believe that actions of the media have hurt not only this particular race, but politics as a whole; it will continue to happen as politics evolve. The negative effects of the media in politics outweighs anything good that has ever come from the media. The Internet is what some would argue the greatest thing to happen to mankind. Unfortunately, the Internet does not have a filter on it. Whatever is put on the Internet stays there and is there forever. The Internet has a vast source of endless and for the most part good information, but for everything that is truthful there will always be those deceitful pages that hold nothing but nonsense. With this new generation being raised with the world wide web available at all times, many do not filter what they read, they do not check sources, they simply take everything as facts. So, with the Internet, people areShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Politics1134 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Government The media’s influence on politics I decided to do research on the impact that the media has politics due to the factors that can influence society, as well as the individuals. Do you believe that social media plays a major role in politics and at times can be unfair by only showing one perspective? I personally believe that the social media, greatly effects politics and can be shown to be very one-sided on many occasions. Social media has been around long before itRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics932 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and politics are different entities with distinct aim; however, both depend on each other. Politics use media to be known by the public and to advertise their campaigns while media needs politics to inform the public by giving visibility to politics. Media and politics work together and even though they are different, both impact each other . Since politics need media to provide good image and information about them. Media also can use its authority to exploit information on politics; in contrastRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe media has perpetually influenced politics, for example, during the 2016 election, 91 percent of Americans learned information about the election from eleven various media sources. As it is evident that the media increases knowledge about multiple candidates and political parties throughout the country, within thos e sources, individualistic opinions and biases cloud the accurate information of what occurs. Although the press may be expanding awareness about the government and policy issues, itRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. 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In today’s politics, the media is a necessary part of the campaign process and is undoubtedly a powerful tool for candidates in getting their message to the public and the engine by which public opinion is formed. But just how powerful is the media? Dictionary.com defines the media as, â€Å"The means ofRead MoreEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 Pagesissues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distorted. 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However, with newspapers spinning stories to promote the party they favour (such as the Daily Mail in favour of Conservatives or the Mirror in favour of Labour ) or to disparage the opposition, is

The Importance of Improving Communication Skills in the...

My biggest challenge while trying to move up the corporate ladder is interpersonal communication with co-workers and presentation speeches in front of the owners and financial managers. During my childhood, I did not have the opportunity to communicate with my parents or examples of loud arguments and negative personal attacks. Humans develop language and social skills from its surroundings so I guess I can blame mine on my dysfunctional family. At least I did almost five years ago. When the Director of Finance promoted me to senior accountant, his only constructive criticism was to attend different communication courses to groom me for the Assistant Director of Finance position. The frustration of feeling misunderstood and being†¦show more content†¦Even in the present day, people are judged by the color of their skin and in the corporate world by gender. I don’t have to go far for a great example. In my corporate world, being a Caucasian woman is like fighting an uphill battle. No matter how many classes I complete, it does not stop others from asking and responding defensively or seeing me as a threat. Now, I find myself in a conflict with some of the male directors, which affects my emotions, mental state, and personal beliefs. It may be a result of an individuals perceptual and personal discomfort. â€Å"Style, selective perception, halo effect, poor attention and retention, defensiveness, close mindedness, insufficient filtration are the Individual or Psychological barrier†. 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Liberalism and Nationalism Free Essays

In the late 18th and 19th centuries there where two ideologies that was fueling the revolutions during this time. These two ideologies are liberalism and nationalism. Liberalism is a belief in gradual social progress by changing laws, rather than by revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalism and Nationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also sated to be the belief that people should have a lot of political and individual freedom. Nationalism is the desire for political independence of people who feel they are historically or culturally a separate group within a country. It is often associated with the belief that a particular nation is better than any other nation, and in this case is often used showing disapproval. Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment. In the 19th century liberal governments was established in many nations across Europe, Latin America, and North America. Liberal power increased further in the 20th century, when liberal democracies â€Å"triumphed† in two world wars and survived major ideological challenges from fascism and communism. The term nationalism was coined by Johann Gottfried Herder (nationalismus) during the late 1770s. Where Nationalism emerged from is difficult to determine, but its development is closely related to that of the modern state and the push for popular sovereignty that came to a head with the French Revolution and the American Revolution in the late 18th century. Since that time, nationalism has become one of the most significant political and social forces in history. Other forms of nationalism are revolutionary, calling for the establishment of an independent state as a homeland for an ethnic underclass. How to cite Liberalism and Nationalism, Essay examples

Research Critique free essay sample

When critiquing a research paper, you are evaluating the research and the argument made by the author. To evaluate a research article, one will need to look at what the author is claiming, their research methods, and any problems there might be with the claims made. Are the references in the article reliable? What process did the researchers use? Do the researchers show bias with their findings? There are many questions to ask and many elements to look at when critiquing a research paper. This paper will critique two different research articles; one qualitative and one quantitative. The quantitative article, The Effects of Crossed Leg on Blood Pressure Measurement, attempts to determine whether a patient crossing their legs at the knee during a reading will have an effect on the reading in any way. The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy, the qualitative study, interviewed patients before and after having awake craniotomy surgery to gain understanding of their experience, thoughts, and feelings surrounding the surgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Title The qualitative research title identifies the key phenomenon and the group they are studying. For this study, they wanted to document the experience of patients who have had an awake craniotomy. The title explains this well. The quantitative study has a title that identifies the key variables, however, the title does not mention a specific population for the study. Abstract â€Å"A conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. An operational definition specifies procedures required to measure a variable† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 69). The conceptual and operational definitions of the quantitative research article are congruent because the researchers clarify their concept and explain how they will be measures as well as the operations performed to measure the concept. The abstract of this article clearly summarizes the problem, methods, results, and conclusions. The qualitative study has an abstract that clearly and concisely summarizes the main features of the article. The abstract explains that the features of the study will include the patient’s experience prior to, during, and the recovery phase following awake craniotomy. Both abstracts mention the problem that lead to their study, the purpose of their study, some background information, information surrounding the study, and a thesis statement. Purpose Statement â€Å"The purpose statement establishes the study’s general direction and captures its essence. It is usually easy to identify a purpose statement because the word purpose is explicitly statesstated† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 79). Both the qualitative and the quantitative studies have a purpose statement that is clearly and concisely stated. A quantitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the study variables, possible relationship, and the population of interest for the study. The quantitative article establishes the purpose statement as determining the effect of a patient having their legs crossed while having their blood pressure measured. The statement does not mention a population of interest. Since the statement uses the word determine in the purpose statement, it indicates this is an experimental type of study. A qualitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the concept and the group, or setting being studied. The qualitative studied being critiqued for this paper states outright that the study is a phenomenological one, but that can also be indicated by the purpose statement because it contains the word experience. The article’s purpose statement identifies the concept as being the experience of the patient, and the setting or population being before and after an awake craniotomy. Problem Statement â€Å"A problem statement articulates the problem and describes the need for a study through the development of an argument† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Every study needs to have a problem statement for readers to understand what the problem is and why it was important to research. The problem is â€Å"an enigmatic or troubling condition† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Problem statements for qualitative studies address the problem, as well as information needed to address the problem. The problem identified in the qualitative study identifies that there is very little documented about a patient’s feelings, thoughts, or approach to a surgery like an awake craniotomy without an anesthetic. Qualitative studies are often done when a topic is poorly understood and researchers want to develop a better understanding. This problem has significance for nursing because it will help nurses better understand how this type of procedure affects a patient emotionally. The problem statement identifies what is wrong with the current situation, what the reader needs to understand, and knowledge gaps relating to the problem. This knowledge will contribute to the nurse’s ability to provide holistic patient care. Quantitative studies usually focus on concepts that can be measured. There are six components to a problem statement and quantitative studies usually have most of them covered(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 82). The problem statement for this quantitative study identifies that there are many things that can influence a blood pressure reading, but there has been no consistency about whether a patient’s feet should be flat on the floor during measurement. This statement identifies the problem, identifies what the reader needs to understand, how big the problem of inaccurate blood pressure measurement is, the consequence of inaccurate measurements, what is lacking, and what the study could contribute to a solution. This problem has significance because accurate blood pressure measurement is crucial to the diagnosis of hypertension, as well as parameters for giving blood pressure medications. Hypothesis/Research Question Research questions are sometimes a rewording of the purpose statement into a question. Some researchers only have research questions without a purpose statement. â€Å"Research questions for qualitative studies state the phenomenon of interest and the group or population of interest† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 81). A hypothesis that is worded clearly and in present tense is an ideal hypothesis. Qualitative studies do not have hypotheses because there is not enough information to make a prediction, and because they want the participants to guide the inquiry. There are no hypotheses or research questions in the quantitative study. The study states that they would like to determine if there is a relationship because prior research was inconsistent about keeping feet flat during blood pressure measurement, but there are no actual questions worded in the study. The independent variable in this study is a participants legs being crossed at the knee. The dependent variable in this study is blood pressure readings. Researchers without a hypothesis are prepared to accept any results, but one can almost always explain superficial findings, no matter what they are. â€Å"Hypotheses guard against superficiality and minimize the risk that spurious results will be misconstrued† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 84). Literature Review The literature review for both studies is included at the beginning of each research paper. â€Å"Literature review in the introduction to a report provides readers with an overview of existing evidence, and contribute to the argument for the new study† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 95). With a thorough literature review, researchers can determine how best to make a contribution to evidence already found. This could include finding gaps in current research, or if performing a study again on a new population would be the next step. The literature review for the qualitative study includes two sources. The sources were from 1988 and 2005, while this article came out in 2008. The 2005 source is recent. The 1988 source is not so recent, but was relevant to the study because it helped to address the fact that there is a lack of exploration for the patient’s feeling surrounding an awake craniotomy. The quantitative study uses mostly primary sources in the literature review. This study was published in 1998 with the literature review sources ranging from 1984-1998. Sources used in this review are studies about the proper technique for measuring blood pressure, things that affect blood pressure readings, and suggestions to help prevent symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. The literature review provides a basis for the study because it supports the claims that there is inconsistency about whether feet should be kept flat on the floor while measuring blood pressure, and whether it would skew measurements if legs were crossed. Theoretical Framework â€Å"A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study. Not every study is based on a formal theory or conceptual model, but every study has a framework—that is, a conceptual rationale† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 128). If the study is based on a theory, the framework is a theoretical framework. According to Polit Beck, 2012, framework in nursing studies are often implied and not acknowledged or explained. â€Å"In most qualitative studies, the frameworks are part of the research tradition in which the study is embedded†(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 130). Although a phenomenologist tries to keep their preconceptions in check, they are still guided by a framework or philosophy that focuses on a certain aspect of a person’s life. The framework used by phenomenologists is based on the belief that human experience is property of the experience itself, not an outside observer. This is exactly how this study went. The study focused on the patient and what they were experiencing surrounding their procedure to have an awake craniotomy. The researchers explained that there had been no documentation that someone had tried to explore the experience from the patient’s point of view, so these researchers did that. Quantitative research has many approaches to theoretical frameworks. â€Å"The classic approach is to test hypotheses deduced from an existing theory† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 140). The quantitative study does not seem to follow a theoretical framework. They state in the beginning that there are many things that can affect a blood pressure reading, and then continue on to say that research has not been consistent in whether feet should be flat on the floor. This study could lead to the formation of hypothesis, or even a null hypothesis, regarding the effects of crossed legs on blood pressure readings. Theories derived from this study could include, crossed legs will increase/decrease blood pressure readings, or crossed legs have no effect on a blood pressure reading. As tests are conducted, these theories would either be confirmed or deconfirmed and new theories can be made based on the results. The quantitative study could have been made stronger by identifying a specific population in the title and purpose statements. It leaves the reader wondering where the study might go. It was not explained how they chose to only use men for the study. It was not explained how they chose to divide up the two groups of 50 participants each. The researchers could have made it clear to the readers as to why they chose the population that they did. They did, however, point out that further studies would need to be conducted on more populations to conclude a relationship. There were no hypotheses made in this quantitative study. Their argument would have been made stronger having had one, or had a null hypothesis to refute. The literature review didn’t have many recent articles, but it helped to prove their point that there was not enough evidence to support whether feet should be flat on the floor during blood pressure measurement. With a hypothesis and more detail about some aspects of the research process, this study would have been much stronger. The qualitative study did a great job of hitting the required points. They clearly identified each aspect of the study and how it would be conducted. Since this is a qualitative study, there are no hypotheses to critique. The researchers included an abundance of responses from their interviews with the participants to allow the readers to understand the experience surrounding their surgery through them, because that was the purpose of the study. Although a weak point in this study is the literature review not being very lengthy, as with the quantitative study, it also made a strong point for the researcher’s point that no one has explored the feelings of these specific patients. Overall, both the qualitative and quantitative were strong research studies. They both possess most of the required aspects needed for a research study to be credible. If important parts of the research process were left out, such as the literature review, process for finding the population of study, process for collecting data, etc, the study’s credibility could be called into question.